‘Curved’ Walking and a Depth Camera: New Tool Detects Early Cognitive Decline
Gait analysis, examining the way an individual stands and walks, is emerging as a valuable, non-invasive complement to cognitive assessments that aid in early diagnosis and management. In clinical settings, gait and balance tests typically focus on a straight walking path.
This new study ventures into a different realm – curved path walking – a more natural yet complex activity. Straight walking is a rhythmic and simpler activity, whereas walking on a curving path requires greater cognitive and motor skills such as a transition time to change directions and correct balance.
College of Engineering and Computer Science researchers at Florida Atlantic University are the first to quantitatively compare the performance of healthy older adults versus older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in straight and curve walking. MCI is the early stage of cognitive decline and people with MCI have a much higher risk of transitioning to Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
For the study, researchers used a depth camera, which can detect and track 25 joints of body movement, to record study participants’ gait while performing the two different walking tests (straight versus curve). Signals from the 25 body joints were processed to extract 50 gait markers for each test, and these markers were compared between the two groups using descriptive statistical analyses.
Results, published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports, Volume 8, Issue 1, showed curve walking resulted in greater challenges for the MCI group and outperformed straight walking in detecting MCI. Furthermore, several gait markers showed significant differences between healthy controls and MCI patients.
Gait markers included two macro markers (average velocity and cadence), 24 micro temporal markers (duration of feet for various subphases of the gait cycle, such as stance, swing, step and stride phases), micro spatial markers (location changes of feet for various sub-phases of the gait cycle) and six micro spatiotemporal markers (velocity of feet for various sub-phases of the gait cycle). These markers provided detailed information on the functional performance of the participants during the gait tests.
Findings showed that 31 out of 50 gait markers (62 percent) were greater for the MCI group than healthy control older adults when the walking tests changed from straight walking to curve walking, and 13 markers showed significant differences between the two study groups.
“Intriguingly, curved walking illuminated notable disparities between our study groups, even for these macro gait markers. The MCI group exhibited a markedly lower average step length and speed during curve walking, coupled with higher variability across most micro-gait markers,” said Behnaz Ghoraani, Ph.D., senior author, an associate professor, FAU Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, co-director of the FAU Center for SMART Health, and a fellow, FAU Institute for Sensing and Embedded Network Systems Engineering (I-SENSE). “The MCI group showed diminished symmetry and regularity in both step and stride lengths for curved walking. They also required extended double support time in various areas, especially while changing directions, which resulted in reduced step speed.”
Caption: Behnaz Ghoraani, Ph.D. and first author Mahmoud Seifallahi, FAU doctoral student. Credit: FAU.
Study findings did not show any significant differences in age and gender distribution between the two groups. However, the two groups had significant differences in body mass index (BMI), years of education and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores. Participants with MCI had a higher BMI, lower levels of education and higher GDS scores than the healthy older adults.
“Mild cognitive impairment can be an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia,” said Ghoraani. “Our comprehensive approach enhances the understanding of gait characteristics and suggests curved path walking may be more sensitive to detect mild cognitive dementia, which can complement cognitive assessments and aid in early diagnosis and management.”
AD typically manifests as a decline in cognitive function with a gradual decline in an individual’s ability to perform daily activities such as walking. Accurate and early clinical detection of AD remains a challenge. Typical clinical evaluations include a detailed history, comprehensive physical and neurological examination, cognitive testing, blood work and brain imaging. However, depending on the clinical setting, these methods can be time-consuming, costly and outside some clinicians’ comfort level.
The study fills this gap by using a novel system to record gait in older adults employing a non-invasive, low-cost, non-wearable and easy-setting depth camera, which is a crucial step in enhancing patient care and intervention strategies.
“These gait markers offer a promising potential as early indicators of cognitive impairment and lay the foundational groundwork for expansive research in this domain,” said Stella Batalama, Ph.D., dean, FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science. “Impacts from this study also extend to clinical practice by providing improved methods for screening and monitoring that can be easily replicated with minimal costs and time in the clinic setting.”
Study co-authors are Mahmoud Seifallahi, a doctoral student in FAU’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and James E. Galvin, M.D., M.P.H., professor of neurology, chief, Division of Cognitive Neurology, and director of the Comprehensive Center for Brain Health and the Lewy Body Dementia Research Center of Excellence, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine.
Data analysis from this research was supported by the National Science Foundation awarded to Ghoraani.
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Article
“Curve Walking Reveals More Gait Impairments in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment than Straight Walking: A Kinect Camera-Based Study,” by Mahmoud Seifallahi, James E. Galvin and Behnaz Ghoraani (https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease-reports/adr230149), Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports, Volume 8, Issue 1, published by IOS Press.
About FAU’s College of Engineering and Computer Science
The FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science is internationally recognized for cutting-edge research and education in the areas of computer science and artificial intelligence (AI), computer engineering, electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, civil, environmental and geomatics engineering, mechanical engineering, and ocean engineering. Research conducted by the faculty and their teams expose students to technology innovations that push the current state-of-the art of the disciplines. The College research efforts are supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Transportation (DOT), the Department of Education (DOEd), the State of Florida, and industry. The FAU College of Engineering and Computer Science offers degrees with a modern twist that bear specializations in areas of national priority such as AI, cybersecurity, internet-of-things, transportation and supply chain management, and data science. New degree programs include Master of Science in AI (first in Florida), Master of Science and Bachelor in Data Science and Analytics, and the new Professional Master of Science and Ph.D. in computer science for working professionals. For more information about the College, please visit eng.fau.edu.
About Florida Atlantic University
Florida Atlantic University, established in 1961, officially opened its doors in 1964 as the fifth public university in Florida. Today, the University serves more than 30,000 undergraduate and graduate students across six campuses located along the southeast Florida coast. In recent years, the University has doubled its research expenditures and outpaced its peers in student achievement rates. Through the coexistence of access and excellence, FAU embodies an innovative model where traditional achievement gaps vanish. FAU is designated a Hispanic-serving institution, ranked as a top public university by U.S. News & World Report and a High Research Activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. For more information, visit www.fau.edu.
About the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports (JADR)
Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports is an Open Access international multidisciplinary journal to facilitate progress in understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, genetics, behavior, treatment, and psychology of Alzheimer's disease. The journal publishes research reports, reviews, short communications, hypotheses, and case reports. It is dedicated to providing an open forum for original research that will expedite our fundamental understanding of Alzheimer's disease. JAD Reports has a Journal Impact Factor of 3.2 according to Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023). www.iospress.com/jad-reports.
About IOS Press
IOS Press is an international scientific, technical, medical (STM) publishing house established in 1987 in Amsterdam. We produce around 90 journals and 70 books annually in a broad range of subject categories, primarily specializing in health and life sciences (including neurosciences, medical informatics, cancer research, and rehabilitation) and computer sciences (including artificial intelligence, data science, and semantic web). In addition, we offer specialized services that support scientific advancement. iospress.com
